Molecular biology, field of knowledge concerned with learning of the chemical structures and processes of the biological phenomena that involve the basic elements of life, molecules. The field of molecular biology is concentrated especially on nucleic acids and proteins and macromolecules that are vital to life processes and how these molecules cooperate and behave within cells. Molecular biology arose in the 1930s, having advanced out of the correlated fields of biochemistry, genetics, and biophysics. Today it remains closely linked with those fields.
Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is an integrative Tran’s disciplinary science created on the unique disease principle and the disease continuum concept. It has been most commonly applied to research on breast, lung, and colorectal cancers, MPE can inspect etiologic heterogeneity in non-neoplastic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, drug toxicity, and immunity-related and infectious diseases. This science can improve the causal interpretation by connecting putative etiologic factors to specific molecular biomarkers as outcomes.
-
Colorectal Cancer
-
Carcinogenesis
-
Diabetes Mellitus
-
Etiologic Heterogeneity
Molecular microbiology deals with molecular mechanisms and physiological procedures of microbes and their application in production of biotechnology products and medications such as vaccines, antibodies. It also involves progression in pathogenicity of microbes. Microorganisms possess membrane-bound organelles and comprise fungi and protists, while prokaryotic organisms—all of which are microorganisms are conservatively categorised as missing membrane-bound organelles and contain Bacteria and Archaea.
Molecular medicine is a comprehensive field where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical procedures are used to tell about the molecular structures and mechanisms. It also helps to recognise the fundamental molecular and genetic mistakes of a illness, and to improve molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine insight emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the earlier abstract and observational care on patients and their structure.
Molecular biomarkers as a comprehensive term to refer to all biomarkers that are measurable by methods based on the biomarker's molecular properties. The systematic effort to define the human genome and the creation of rapid analytic technologies for evaluating nucleic acids and proteins has provided the technical “boom” for the improvement of molecular biomarkers. Understanding of the importance of each biomarker will be the key to competently identify a disease and direct the patients towards the medications and it’s more likely to benefit them.
Molecular pathology is the study of the diseases at a molecular level. This includes molecules found in tissues, organs, and even body fluids. The term “molecular diagnostics” is often used to define the medical diagnosis aspect of the field. In molecular pathology, scientists are precisely concerned in examining DNA and other genetic material for the purpose of identifying or observing the disease. The equipment is also being developed at astonishing rates, which means scientists are doing testing faster, cheaper, and with minor instruments than even just a few years before.
Molecular modelling has become a valued and vital tool to medicinal chemists in the drug design process. Molecular modelling defines the generation, manipulation or illustration of three-D structures of molecules and linked to physico-chemical properties. It involves a range of high-tech methods based on theoretical chemistry methods and experimental data to foresee molecular and biological properties. Molecular modelling is used to simulate the molecular movements in chemical or biological structures.
Precision medicine is an evolving method for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account of individual inconsistency in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person. This method will let doctors and researchers to foresee more precisely which treatment and prevention tactics for a particular disease will work in which groups of people. It is in contrast to a small approach, in which disease treatment and prevention tactics are developed for a usual person.
Medical biotechnology is a division of medicine that experiments on living cells and cell materials to study, and then produces pharmaceutical and diagnosing products. These products help treat and avert diseases. From the Ebola serum to mapping of human DNA to agricultural impacts. Medical biotechnology is making vast improvements and aiding millions of people. Some of the most current uses of biological tech are work in genetic testing, drug treatments, and simulated tissue growth. Medical biotechnology has numerous brilliant avenues of technical development that has the potential to help countless number of people.
Molecular Virology is the knowledge of viruses on a molecular level. Viruses are sub microscopic parasites that duplicate inside host cells. They are able to effectively infect all kinds of life forms from microbes to plants and animals and as a result viruses have more natural diversity than the rest of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms altogether. Studying this diversity is crucial for better understanding of how viruses form a network with their hosts and replicate inside them and cause illnesses.
-
Single-stranded DNA
-
Double-stranded DNA
-
Replication
-
Chronic infection
-
Membrane Fusion
Molecular oncology is an interdisciplinary medical field at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that specifies to the analysis of the chemistry of cancer and tumours at the molecular measurement and also the growth and presentation of molecularly targeted treatments. Molecular oncology has recognized genes that are involved in growth of cancer. The research syndicates diverse techniques going from genomics, computational biology, tumour imaging, in vitro and in vivo useful models to study organic and scientific phenotypes.
Stem cells are the body's raw cells from which all other cells with specific functions are prepared. Under the precise circumstances in the body or a research laboratory, stem cells split to form more cells called daughter cells. Stem cell treatment, also acknowledged as regenerative medicine, encourages the repair response of contaminated, dysfunctional or wounded tissue by stem cells or their derivatives. Researchers grow stem cells in a lab. These stem cells are worked to specify into precise sorts of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells. The specific cells can then be implanted into a person.
Cell and gene therapy, represent coinciding fields of biomedical exploration with similar therapeutic goals, which target DNA or RNA inside or outside the body. Both methods seek to adjust genetic material to develop functioning or fight diseases. Specifically, gene therapy uses genetic material, or DNA, to operate a patient’s cells to cure a hereditary or acquired disease. While cell therapy is the mixture or transplantation of whole cells into a patient for the treatment of a hereditary or acquired disease.
Genomics provides an overview of the comprehensive set of genetic orders provided by the DNA, while transcriptomics looks into gene appearance patterns. Proteomics studies dynamic protein products and their communications, while metabolomics is also an intermediate step in understanding organism's entire metabolism. In contrast with the genome, which is considered by its constancy, the proteome actively changes in response to various factors, including the organism's developing stage and both interior and exterior circumstances.
-
Structural Genomics
-
Functional Genomics
-
Structural Proteomics
-
Functional Proteomics
-
Expression Proteomics
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a new technology used for DNA and RNA sequencing for detecting mutation. NGS can sequence hundreds and thousands of genes or entire genome in a short period of time. This technology combines the advantages of exclusive sequencing chemistries, different sequencing mediums, and bioinformatics technology. NGS involves some major stages in sequencing. For example, in DNA NGS involves DNA fragmentation, library preparation, massive matching sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and variant/mutation annotation and explanation.
Molecular diagnostics is mentioned as the finding of genomic variants, aiming to facilitate the finding, diagnosis, sub classification, prognosis, and observing response to therapy. Molecular diagnostics has undertaken a period of quick improvement and growth in the last period. The application of new high density tests and combination of new technologies into the clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory has been critical towards improvement to the goal of reaching precision medicine.
Nuclear medicine imaging uses slight quantities of radioactive materials mentioned as radiotracers that are usually inserted into the bloodstream, breathe in or swallowed. The radiotracer journeys through the area being inspected and gives off energy in the form of gamma rays which are identified by a special camera and a computer to create pictures of the inside of the body. Nuclear medicine imaging offers unique info that often cannot be gained using other imaging techniques and offers the potential to diagnose the disease in its earliest stages.
Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry is the study of the molecular environment of living organisms leading to an understanding of the biochemical mechanism of life processes. It mostly focuses on the rapid variations in cytoskeletal proteins, protein kinases, membrane lipids, and slight ions that accompany extracellular signs. This comprises a wide range of subjects from the structure and purpose of single molecules to the integrated molecular control of whole cells and organisms.
Nano medicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology to medicine. It incorporates the usage of submicrometer-sized implements for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, for better understanding the complex essential pathophysiology of diseases, and for refining the quality of life of patients. Major efforts have been put in and important progress has been made in the Nano medicine field over the past couple of years, and a number of Nano medicine designs have been shown to hold significant potential for allowing more effective and less lethal diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
-
Nano Medicine
-
Nano Structures
-
Early Diagnosis
-
Nanotechnology
-
Nanoparticle
